MACHINES A PERPETUAL MOTION
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Some words about the machines with perpetual motion (MP).
VARIOUS DEFINITIONS OF THE PERPETUAL MOTION
That of Webster “movement of an ideal mechanism which could continue to function indefinitely without drawing from a source of external energy.”
That of the thirteenth edition of Encyclopedia Britannica, in which one reads: “a machine once in continuous motion by doing a useful work without drawing on any source external of energy.”
That of the English Dictionary of Oxford which defines the MP as follows: “a hypothetical machine which, once put moving could continue to do it forever or until it is stopped by some force external or complete wear of the machine.”
The Perpetual motion it is:
1 - to create energy (what the scientists say impossible being)
2 - to reverse the entropy
3 - to eliminate the frictions
In 1775, under the influence of Laplace, the Academy of Science of Paris condemned solemnly the perpetual motion, guilty unnecessarily to consume the talents, the time and the fortune of too many clever mechanics.
If this judgement did not find in front of him, during nearly two centuries, that the most favorable atmosphere, it did not remove the dream. One could not entirely put this last on the account of unreasonable passion and the ignorance of the researchers of marvellous inventions. The academic decisions recognize, indeed, which it is not inconceivable that a movement, once printed in certain systems, can be always preserved if one removes frictions and resistances, but that these conceivable perpetual motions exclude any continuous producing action; an effect being always equal to his cause, one cannot find in these movements, by causing their stop, that what one spent to launch them. With which would not admit the equation of Leibniz would thus remain the possibility of making call against the final judgment.
Up to one recent time, however, one could hardly meet disputes of this kind worthy of attention. It is not any more in the same way today. The model of perpetual motion that is the vibration of the pendulum invaded not only the physics, but also revealed, with progress of electronics, the astonishing properties in the field of the transformation and the transport of energy. The equation of the cause and the effect can legitimately appear too simplistic with certain spirits, at least as an absolutely universal axiom.
Whatever the future of the dispute, it has the advantage of stressing the difficulty of the language. The equation of the cause and the effect was based, for Leibniz, on a metaphysical truth. Without this support, the same expression does not have a precise direction, and the problem of him to give some is perhaps one of the forms of the most fundamental debate which is for science. (extracted from Encyclopedia Universalis)
The idea of Perpetual motion is not new
It is in an old manuscript in Sanskrit entitled Siddhanta Ciromani dating from the fifth century before J-C that one finds mentioned a successful MP. Many researchers included in their studies the MP, Léonard de Vinci, Christian Huygens, John Bernoulli, Robert Boyle, George B. Airy and Nikola Tesla.
The very first patent on a MP goes back to 1617. Between this date and 1903, there was more than 600 patents including 25 before 1855. On a total of 31 applications of 1897 to 1900 included, 10 were English, 8 American, 3 Frenchwomen, 5 allemandes, 2 Australian, 1 Russian, 1 Belgian and 1 Austrian.
For the year 1901, one counts 13 applications of patents of MP, in 1902, 10 and 9 in 1903.
When the machine with MP is found, the scientists will discover in the nature of the examples that their incredulity had prevented to them from seeing. Moreover don’t the perpetual motions abound in nature, of the electrons in vibration since billion years, until the rotation of planets and the galaxies?
In many projects, one finds:
the use of the force of gravity
the loss of balance
a specific gravity of weights immersed in water or others liquidate
the rise of containers inflated with air or gas under water
the compression followed by gas expansion and the surface stress of the liquids.
The majority of the inventors had envisaged (with humour) brakes to stop their machines or to counter a dangerous increase speed.
Some examples relating to the Perpetual motion
An iron ball suspended in the vacuum thanks to magnetism and turning very quickly can make a rotation without friction virtually.
The wheel with gravity unbalanced of Hugo E. Fraga, born with Havana 29/04/1939
The reaction engine apparently defying the gravitation with which it hoped to be able to involve a flying vessel of Harry W. Bull of Syracuse (New York)
And the two examples hereafter whose machine of Orffyreus celebrates it
References on the subject of the Perpetual motion
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The book of R.A. Ford, Lost Technlology Series, Reprinting © in 1987 of “Perpetual Motion Newspaper” of Irving R. Barrows (1967), 1616 South Compton Avenue, St-Louis, Missouri 63104 by Lindsay Publications Inc., Po Box 12, Bradley, IT 60915-0012 - ISBN 0-917914-53-8 |
In this work one finds
- articles of Cassier’ S Magazine Vol.29 November 1905 - taken again April 1906 of Perpetual Motion Machines by F. Charlesworth of the patent-office.
- Writings of Irvin A. Barrows which studies the MP since any young person. He had various ideas of rocket, of cerceaux of wood, air pockets, then he reflected much on the inversion of entropy of the molecular thermodynamics whose osmosis and capillarity represent certain forms of them.
- In Perpetual Motion Newspaper of years 67, one finds ideas of funnels curved, traps with minnows and of double turn providing a vacuum car maintained to extract from energy the MP from the molecules from gas.
- The pseudo MP of Irvan Monk patent of rotary engine with heat supplied with the heat of the atmosphere and of small differences in temperature (see Stirling engine)
- patent 1932 of George A. Bougon of San Francisco
- patent 1931 of Arthur Powell and James W. Honey de Drumright, Oklahoma.
Etc
And also of the references
- with the US patent n° 28783 Improved method of Utilizing Atmospheric Electricity of the 29/06/1860 of the Parisian Charles Vion
- in Heinrich Hertz who already in 1899 supposed the existence of movements and masses hidden and masked in space itself.
- with the book Atmopsheric Electricity of J. Alan Chalmers in which it is known as that research indicates a variable profit according to the day or seasons’ of 1 volt while going up 0,90 m
- in Nahlon Loomis which had shown in 1868 a system making it possible to transmit messages without wire.
- with engineer Jay Mendell which thinks that for the XXI ème century it will be necessary to re-examine our comprehension of the natural laws and that technologies which seemed impossible will be born.
- with Gaston Burridgs who speak, him, to catch and “to milk” the neutrinos…
- with the German work Perpetuum Mobile of Adalbert Bleated Brosan (1966)
- with the magnetized floating needles of A.M. Mayer.
Foot-note: between 1912 and 1932, the development of the electric MP increased the concept of ether parallel to.
BESSLER Johann Ernest Elias KNOWN AS ” ORFFYREUS ”
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Born in Zitau, in Saxony in 1680, J. Bessler was equipped with a difficult nature, it saw in the people educated of the enemies and was of this dogmatic fact and quarreller. It did not answer the questions which were asked to him. It would have taken as a starting point the the declarations of another famous studying Perpetual motion, the English inventor Second Marquis de Worcester (Edward Somerset) whose book “One century of inventions” (1663) described an autonomous wheel resembling that of Orffyreus well. |
Orffyreus also hoped that its life would testify to works of Divine Providence. Its booklet in German and Latin was dedicated to God, to people, to the scientists and itself as a discoverer.
Leaving side the behavior of this inventor, it is appropriate to stick to discovered in which it always believed, until obsession.
In 1712, in Gera, it made a demonstration of its wheel with autonomous movement. This one had a diameter of 91,44 cm and a 10,16 cm thickness. Once launched to the hand, it turned without stop to 26 turns per minute. It was possible to adapt it and make him raise loads thanks to a belt passing on its axis.
At the time where J. Bessler lived in Drashwitz, close to Leipzig it presented in 1713 in this city another version of its wheel. The demonstration was perfect. This wheel of a diameter of 182,88 cm and a 30,48 cm thickness was covered with oiled fabric tended of one edge to the other like a skin of drum. The wheel turned, like the preceding one, with 26 towers at the minute. One heard noises coming from the interior, as if weights collapsed.
J. Bessler went to Merseburg about 1715. On October 31, this same year, and to finish some with those which doubted, it offered to show its machine with a group of eleven experts. This third wheel was 180 cm in diameter, 27,48 cm thickness and turned at the speed of 42 turns per minute. According to the report/ratio of December 4, 1715
“the machine of Johann Bessler is a real perpetual motion, it with the property to move on the right and on the left, one can easily move it, but it does not require main efforts to keep its movement; it with the capacity to raise perpendicularly thirty kilos of stones with eight alders (nine meters) height.”
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An example of technique of use at the time of Orffyreus It is necessary to replace the machine of Orffyreus in its time when energy was provided by the human or animal muscular force. Such a machine would thus have being particularly appraisal. Instead of that, the detractors were many and virulent, and J. Bessler and the experts were still ridiculed. However the wheel continued to turn…
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It is at that time that J. Bessler, to only know the reason of it, took the nickname of Orffyreus and drew the attention of the Count Karl, Landgrave of the small state of Hesse-Cassel. Stopped like disturber, it was imprisoned in strong Weissenstein of the castle of Wilhelmshoche, but it was a stratagem used by the count Karl to be able to enter in relation to the inventor.
The count Karl was an influential character. The historian Eugene Schuyler, in a work on Pierre the Large one mentions that the landgrave of Hesse-Kassel was charged to transmit messages of peace of the Swedish government to the Tsar of Russia. The Count informed of many scientists and institutions of Europe about the wheel of Orffyreus. The Tsar of Russia knew about the invention of Orffyreus and after 1716 it wished to buy the secrecy for 100.000 roubles. It had charged its diplomat AD INTERIM Ostermann with collecting any information on the wheel. But the Tsar is deceased before to have been able to see itself the machine.
The fortune of the Count Karl thus made it possible Orffyreus to have incomes as an adviser of the city. It could thus build the last machine, largest, in the handing-over of the gardener to the castle of Weissenstein. The wheel was under good guard, and being wary, Orffyreus had even its own guard.
The wheel of Orffyreus is very criticized
Claus Wagner, mathematician of Leipzig was most virulent among criticisms although having always refused to see functioning the machine. According to its calculations it was absurd and contrary with the natural laws.
In 1716, C. Steinbruck had published a lampoon in which it offered 1000 thalers if the inventor showed a machine functioning for one month by raising a load of 30 kg.
Clock and watch makers had temporarily the high-speed motorboat by affirming that with springs and toothed wheels, they could make the machine, but without never showing one of them.
J.G. Borlach in Leipzig published in a treaty this satirical image
The character of Orffyreus thus made only be turned sour more. It battled with everyone, except with the Count. It became so unpleasant that to keep the machine was regarded as a punishment. The Count exhorted Orffyreus to answer his detractors by a demonstration which would consequently restore occasion its own prestige among those which thought that it had lost the spirit.
Reports/ratios of investigation into the wheel of Orffyreus
In October 1717, the Count persuaded Orffyreus to install his machine in a vast room of the castle, designed for defense with walls of 1,20 m thickness and only one entry…. The critics could not then say that the wheel axle touched the wall and was involved starting from the close part by a belt.
On November 12, 1717, a college of investigators was invited to examine the wheel. There were the pr. Gravesande of the University of Holland de Leyden, Dr. Dietrich de Bohsen, Friedrich Hoffman, physicist famous and making authority in mechanics, Christian Wolff, chancellor of the University of Market, John Rowley, famous manufacturer of instruments of mathematics, and other inspectors also chosen for their competences and their integrity.
According to their report/ratio, the wheel, had a diameter of 3,65 m and a little more than 35 cm thickness. According to Pr Gravesande the axis was 15,54 cm in diameter. It turned on an iron axis and was finished at each end by an iron axis 2,54 cm in diameter (certain texts say 1,9 cm) resting itself on copper plates placed in the wood pillars supporting the machine. The wheel itself was out of wood of oak and weighed approximately 100 kg. As for the preceding ones a tended fabric hid the interior of it. The machine itself was placed in the center of the room, very far from the walls.
With each end of the axis were a crank, a lever and a beam charged to ensure the regularity and to limit the speed of the movement with the wheel. The natural period of the beams coincided with the maximum speed of the wheel and as they were opposite they hardly obstructed starting.
The baron Fischer, architect of the Emperor of Austria was charged to slowly give hand a push to the wheel which was put moving, initially, then accelerated until reaching 26 towers at the minute. The witnesses could perceive the noise of approximately eight weights gently falling along the side downward from the wheel. By sticking the ear against the fabric, Pr could only perceive one noise similar to that of a spring.
After several experiments where one made achieve certain work with the machine during two days, the group of investigators thoroughly examined the room in its least recesses, left, closed the door and affixed the seals with the wax seals of the investigators.
Fourteen days later the seals were broken. The inspectors entered and noted that the wheel turned exactly as they had left. It was the same during following unexpected control, on January 4, 1718. The committee shows the absence from fraud and is convinced to have observed and have tested an apparatus with authentic perpetual motion.
Pr Gravesande wrote with his/her large friend Isaac Newton:
“I examined the axes, and I have the firm conviction that nothing, apart from the wheel takes part in any way in its movement.”
The baron Fischer wrote with his friend, Dr. J.T. Desaguliers:
“… I have good reasons to believe that it is about a machine with perpetual motion. In fix a cord with axis to make turn a Archimedes’ screw d’ Archimède intend to make assemble some water, the wheel turn to 20 turn… to it stop it have need many of effort, and if one have want it do abruptly one have be tear off some ground… As of its restarting en marche, gently it acquire again its speed in the space of 2 turn… can remain here more a long time, I you ask to correspond with Mr. Romance, Superintendant of Work near Count… it be necessary not let bury this treasure… Can you also deliver my opinion with your friend Isaac Newton…” (the history does not say if Newton answered).
But Orffyreus feared to be seen concealing the secrecy of its wheel. Via the Count Karl, it offered to reveal its secrecy against 20.000 books (US$2,5 million) at a company which would be formed in London - the funds being returned if the results were not conclusive. The sum would be held by the Count while the purchasers would reproduce the machine. Nobody answered this offer. Not to worsen the state, precarious, of finances of the Count perhaps?
This silence made Orffyreus furious, it ruminated and the Count, fearing that it does not put an end to its days thus made it supervise. However, on May 27, 1718, the Count had given to Orffyreus a parchment on which it attested that the machine made 26 towers at the minute, raised 16 kg 1,5 meter from height and could also actuate grinding stone and bellows.
Orffyreus explained to the Count Karl who in his machine of the weights on a side of the wheel were further away from the axis than those on the opposite side. This continual imbalance generated the rotation of the wheel. All the secrecy lay in the clever means which prevented with the weights from following a normal trajectory along the edge. These weights were blocked by small ankles which were folded back out of the way when the weights passed to the zenith… each mass applying its weight to right angle compared to the axis which, in its turn was to also move.
One day, the Count led the inventor skilfully to let to him throw a glance inside the wheel and it immediately consigned what it had seen: a simple arrangement of weight and levers with the range of an apprentice carpenter.
Orffyreus recovered to ruminate. It wanted some with these investigators, who, instead of rewarding it for his genius, scanned the axes, sought the springs hidden by sticking their ear in bottom of the machine. It sometimes happened to him to remain close to its machine at night and its enfiévré spirit made him crash to pieces it, like destroying itself. Then, taken remorse, it acknowledged with the Count what it had made and promised to even remake another better wheel as the preceding one. But it of it was nothing.
On May 18, 1727, Mr. Roman wrote with Pr Gravesande that the inventor had undertaken the construction of a new wheel. In the months which followed, Orffyreus arranged in its workshop. Then, being disputed with the Count, the burned remains of the machine, their roads separated, Orffyreus became a turned sour vagrant and died in November 1745.
All the precise memories on Orffyreus were preserved by Russian historians because its wheel was known in all Europe and until Russia, particularly by the librarian of the Tsar Pierre the Large one, Mr. Schumacher.
Suggestions concerning the operation of the machine of Orffyreus
After the elements given by the count Karl and the text of Orffyreus published in October 1719 to Cassel “Das Triumphirende Perpetuum Mobile Orffyreanum” here some suggestions which can explain the machine:
- There was a cord of drive hidden in a support of hollow axis
- it is excluded because the framework could be moved in the room and the plates supporting the axes were examined.
- There was somebody in the wheel
- it is excluded because of the duration of the tests in the room whose accesses were sealed. The inspectors could enter at any time to check the speed of the wheel, speed always constant; what would have left little time to give the wheel at the good speed. Moreover wheels did not offer enough place inside so that a human being can hide there.
- Since the inventor had worked in the clock industry, it served of a drive with spring in the hub of the wheel itself
- It is initially necessary to respect the testimony even of the Count Karl saying that there was no fraud. Then, although a certain number of clock and watch makers were praised to be able to reproduce the wheels, none them of course did it in public. And finally there would be no spring able to accelerate the wheel at its maximum speed also quickly and to maintain it for several weeks.
- Remain the explanation of Orffyreus: “of the weights which balance” harmonious mixture of gravity, centrifugal forces and centripetal (the mechanics of Newton offering an incomplete description of the natural forces particularly of gravity).
The machine of Orffyreus makes reflect many researchers.
Already, in 1917, Garabed T.K Giragossian had made a large wheel at wheel which took care slowly in energy and delivered some much in the one second space. Its partisans insisted near the Congress to make it recognize.
More recently, a Net surfer “Orqvav” indicates according to him a list of the forces to work in the machine of Orffyreus:
- Gravity - kinetic energy, half of the product of its mass with the square its speed
- the centrifugal movement: the weights become important when they circulate in their tubes like pistons in tubes at the first climax, connected by belt, cord or chain.
- the centripetal force: it is where all the tricks play, the mechanism which weapon must block the weights at the second climax to unbalance them starting from the weights which fall or a weight is set up by ankle on a kind of trajectory oval.
An idea of wheel of Orffyreus on Internet on 24/12/97 coming from a site “Boruts”
See http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/5832
The weights moving in the wheel of Orffyreus move towards the axis on the ascending side and towards the edge on the downward side. The idea is to produce a force of lever increased for the weight which goes towards the axis on the downward side and a less force of lever applied to the axis on the ascending side. It is perhaps this gradient of acceleration created by centrifugation which is used to give the increases or reductions in lever applied to the axis. Not to forget that this internal wheel and all its components rest only on the axis.
A design of machine of Orffyreus by David Cowlishaw
David Cowlishaw did not build the machine of Orfyyreus but known as that its apparatus with inertial push, the G.I.T which fifteen researchers tried out successfully in the world, uses the same kind of principle.
David Eugene Cowlishaw thinks of having rediscovered the secrecy of Orffyreus. He gave on Internet, 23/03/98 what he thinks of being the correct explanation to centuries of this old headache.
The wheel, which can appear in imbalance, functions on the energy of rotation acquired by the tilted bearing of the cylinders (or of the pins of lower diameter of which Orffyreus was useful to increase the angular couple between the stops). It is supposed that an unbalanced wheel - apparatus with perpetual motion which did not succeed - functions by the increase in the arm of couple (the distance to the axis) on a side and the reduction on other side.
To see the wheel moving, click on the image
One uses hollow rolls, which roll in slits, which gives them one angular momentum maximum for their mass. Their ends collect the couple acquired starting from a linear interaction with gravity (with a traction of bearing in these slits, the weights can only fall while converting their potential energy from height into rotation). When they come to strike the thrust the other side, a couple coming from the rollers is transmitted to the principal wheel.
The thrusts must prevent (with a basin of capture slightly in skew and covered with rubber) with the cylinders from turning when they reach the other end so that energies of rotation are added in the direction of rotation to each thrust.
The machine will function better
- if the slits and the masses are close to the axis since the angular transfer of energy is better there.
- if there is a heavy pipe of large diameter provided with a slightly conical point at his ends (car-rectifying itself in the slits) with a pipe of diameter lower than that of your travelling pins, travelling in slits slightly larger than they.
The weights of Orffyreus shown with the observers had pins of smaller diameter making covered starting from their ends what increased the energy of rotation for the same distance covered in the slits.
For the slits, D. Cowlishaw thinks that one can use any angle (of parallel with right angle) compared to the ray to furnish the machine with the number of rollers and slits adequate since in fact the impacts of couple on each end of slit give an abnormal behavior (car-limiting as a centrifugal force which projects the weights towards outside, and maintains there).
The description of the beams of the machine of Orffyreus would be for him a trick to give to the machine an aspect more complicated than it was it actually.
According to D. Cowlishaw, if one takes all the precautions to collect the couple at the end of the ways in the slits, and if there is a continuous traction of bearing which ensures the rotary movement of the cylinders, the machine must function.
See http://www.fortunecity.com/roswell/lovecraft/111/bessler.htm
And http://www.open.org/davidc/index.htm
Another design of machine with perpetual motion furnished with magnets.
A play based on a perpetual motion
Bruce Welsh is an electronics engineer with the open spirit which has been devoted to alternative energies for twenty years. It is convinced that one can build machines with on-unit.
He had an uncle who liked to arrange, to invent. One day, old Bruce of seven or eight years, returned visit to the uncle who showed to the grandfather the new play that it had made for his children (it had six of them).
The play made in the sixty centimetres height for a base of thirty centimetres square. It consisted of a slope in spiral of three turns and half. At the bottom of the slope a paddle wheel, connected by some gears to an elevator was placed going up to the top of the play where a hopper furnished with ten balls was. An opening to rocker in the hopper made it possible to let pass, one by one the balls which went down the slope into three to five seconds.
The ball touched the paddle wheel what gave a small upswing which released another ball whereas the first was on the elevator and went towards the hopper. And so on.
There were five balls at the same time on the elevator and the once launched play did not stop any more. To begin, all the balls were to be in the hopper and Bruce remembers to be thundered by the uncle because it had touched the paddle wheel, thus stopping the play started again soon by the uncle. And, several hours after, the play always functioned.
Did the uncle know that it had violated the laws of physics?
Its descendants do not know any more what became this play, it is probable that the uncle in recovered the parts as it was its practice to rebuild another thing, unless it does not sleep yet in an old farm, in dust… They do not remember either to have seen other apparatuses functioning in an autonomous way, nor of engine on the play, but know that the play had stopped afterwards weeks and simply set out again after being cleaned.
Foot-note: the slope in spiral is indeed a vortex and it seems that in a certain way the vortices add energy, one unceasingly finds them in many ideas related to on-unit.
(KeelyNet source of the 14/12/97)
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